ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. it is a natural product. it is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection. it is also used as eye drops for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes).

common side effects include high blood pressure, headache, kidney problems, increased hair growth, and vomiting. other severe side effects include an increased risk of infection, liver problems, and an increased risk of lymphoma. blood levels of the medication should be checked to decrease the risk of side effects. use during pregnancy may result in preterm birth; however, ciclosporin does not appear to cause birth defects.

ciclosporin is believed to work by decreasing the function of lymphocytes. it does this by forming a complex with cyclophilin to block the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, which in turn decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines by t-lymphocytes.

ciclosporin was isolated in 1971 from the fungus tolypocladium inflatum and came into medical use in 1983. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. in 2017, it was the 248th most commonly prescribed medication in the united states, with more than one million prescriptions that year.

medical uses
ciclosporin is approved by the fda to treat and prevent graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants. it is also approved in the us for treating of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, persistent nummular keratitis following adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, and as eye drops for treating dry eyes caused by sj?gren's syndrome and meibomian gland dysfunction.

in addition to these indications, ciclosporin is also used in severe atopic dermatitis, kimura disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic hives, acute systemic mastocytosis, and posterior or intermediate uveitis with noninfective cause.[citation needed] it is also used, albeit infrequently, in severe rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases.[citation needed]

ciclosporin has also been used in people with acute severe ulcerative colitis and hives that do not respond to treatment with steroids.

carmustine (bis-chloroethylnitrosourea, bcnu, bicnu) is a medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent.

description
carmustine is an orange-yellow solid medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound.

mechanism of action
as an alkylating agent, carmustine can form interstrand crosslinks in dna, which prevents dna replication and dna transcription.[citation needed]

uses
carmustine is used as an alkylating agent to treat several types of brain cancer including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma, and lymphoma (hodgkin's and non-hodgkin).

bcnu is sometimes used in conjunction with alkyl guanine transferase (agt) inhibitors, such as o6-benzylguanine. the agt-inhibitors increase the efficacy of carmustine by inhibiting the direct reversal pathway of dna repair, which will prevent formation of the interstrand crosslink between the n1 of guanine and the n3 of cytosine.

it is also used as part of a chemotherapeutic protocol in preparation for hematological stem cell transplantation, a type of bone marrow transplant, in order to reduce the white blood cell count in the recipient. use under this protocol, usually with fludarabine and melphalan, was developed by oncologists at the university of texas md anderson cancer center.[citation needed]

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The prostate related is the central section of a male's reproductive system. It secretes fluids that aid in the transportation and activation of sperm. The prostate gland is found just while watching rectum, below the bladder and around the urethra. When there is prostate problem, it is usually really really irritating and inconvenient for that patient as his urinary method is directly affected.

The common prostate health conditions are prostate infection, enlarged prostate and cancer of prostate.



Prostate infection, also known as prostatitis, is easily the most common prostate-related symptom in men younger than 55 years. Infections from the prostate gland are classified into four types - acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic abacterial prostatitis and prosttodynia.

Acute bacterial prostatitis could be the least common coming from all kinds of prostate infection. It is brought on by bacteria located in the large intestines or urinary tract. Patients may experience fever, chills, body aches, back pains and urination problems. This condition is treated by using antibiotics or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help remedy the swelling.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis is often a condition of the particular defect inside gland and the persistence presence of bacteria within the urinary tract. It can be caused by trauma to the urinary tract or by infections via other parts with the body. A patient may go through testicular pain, small of the back pains and urination problems. Although it is uncommon, it could be treated by removal from the prostate defect accompanied by making use antibiotics and NSAIDs to deal with the redness.

Non-bacterial prostatitis is the reason approximately 90% coming from all prostatitis cases; however, researchers have not yet to create the sources of these conditions. Some researchers think that chronic non-bacterial prostatitis occur as a result of unknown infectious agents while other think that intensive exercise and heavy lifting may cause these infections.

Maintaining a Healthy Prostate

To prevent prostate diseases, a suitable diet is important. These are some in the steps you can take to keep your prostate healthy.

1. Drink sufficient water. Proper hydration is critical for overall health and this will also maintain your urinary track clean.

2. Some studies declare that a couple of ejaculations a week will help to prevent prostate cancer.

3. Eat beef moderately. It has been shown that consuming a lot more than four meals of beef per week will heighten the probability of prostate diseases and cancer.

4. Maintain an effective diet with cereals, vegetable and fruits to make certain sufficient intake of nutrients necessary for prostate health.

The most important measure to adopt to make sure a wholesome prostate would be to go for regular prostate health screening. If you are forty years of age and above, you must choose prostate examination at least one time annually.